Bibliography

“Ahmad Ibn Fadhlan in Northern Europe: A Survey of His Account of Russian Vikings in the 10th Century.” Muslim Heritage, Foundation for Science, Technology, and Civilization, 3 Apr. 2008, Accessed 18 Apr. 2020, https://muslimheritage.com/ahmad-ibn-fadhlan-in-northern-europe-a-survey-of-his-account-of-russian-vikings-in-the-10th-century/.

This source goes to tell the reader about Ahmed Ibn Fadhlan a Muslim who traveled into Russia with Vikings. It is unique because it gives the perspective of the Vikings from a man in the middle east. Most stories of Vikings have come from Europe and England who dealt with them far more often.

Alberge, Dalya. “ Meet Erika the Red: Viking Women were Warriors too, say Scientists”. The Guardian, 2019, Accessed 2 Nov. 2019, https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/nov/02/viking-woman-warrior-face-reconstruction-national-geographic-documentary.

This source gives a detailed account of a Viking woman’s grave and what was so significant about its finding. This grave revealed that some Viking women may have been warriors and fought alongside their male counterparts. By doing a facial scan and rebuilding her face on a computer it is revealed she died to battle wounds.

Cederlund, Carl. “The Modern Myth of the Viking.” Journal of Maritime Archaeology, vol. 6, no. 1, 2011, 5–35, JSTOR, Accessed 23 Sep. 2019, www.jstor.org/stable/43551359.

This source takes a look at the modern myths associated with Vikings and how they are brought into being. The source takes film and especially commercial media as two of the forbearing reasons for the failure to depict Vikings in a purely historically sound manner. Through these two aspects of media Vikings are often shown off as heroes who are to be looked up to.

Dougherty, Martin J. A Dark History: Vikings: Raiders, Pillagers, Explorers, and Traders, the Truth Revealed. Metro Books, 2013, Accessed 14 Mar. 2020.

This writing explores much of Viking history including the piece used in this thesis. Dougherty writes about the end of the Viking Age and the legacy they left behind. This writing addresses things such as ‘where’ the Vikings went, some that moved to foreign lands, and those that stayed in Scandinavia.

Ferguson, Robert. The Vikings: A History. Penguin Group, 2009, Accessed 23 Sep. 2019.

Ferguson writes about ship design among other aspects of Viking culture. In the writing, Ferguson gives information on the two major ship design created by the Vikings. First, the raiding ship built for quick maneuvers and harsh conditions. Ferguson also gives details on the Knarr ship or the Viking trading ship.

Hadingham, Evan. “Secrets of Viking Ships.” PBS, Public Broadcasting Service, 9 May 2000, Accessed 25 Feb. 2020, www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/article/viking-ships/.

This source gives insight into the design behind Viking ships. For example, how the Viking ships were able to travel across large stormy oceans and also up more shallow rivers. Hadingham addresses factors such as the shallow keel which helped the Vikings accomplish such feats.

Hadley, D. M. The Northern Danelaw: Its Social Structure, C. 800-1100. Google, 2000, Google Books, Accessed 22 Mar. 2020, https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=k0itAwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR5&dq=the+danelaw&ots=ZATsBMvNFr&sig=L0JFTsrUlPvrAkuMKBiBxuWgQzg#v=onepage&q=the%20danelaw&f=false.

This source addresses the end of the Viking age. Hadley writes about why it seems the Vikings disappeared into thin air. For example, Hadley reveals that although the Vikings changed their way of life they never left Scandinavia, they simply adapted.

Hall, Richard A. Exploring the World of the Vikings. Thames & Hudson, 2007, Accessed 21 Jan. 2020.

This piece of writing gives insight into many pieces of Viking culture, however, in the thesis, it is used to help support the writing on women. Hall provides information on how women played a part in Vikings society. This writing also helps reveal the differences in how Viking women were treated in comparison to the women in Europe at that time.

Harper, Douglas. “Viking (n.).” Online Etymology Dictionary, Accessed 3 Jan. 2020, www.etymonline.com/word/viking.

This source helps uncover the meaning of the word ‘Viking’ by looking at the etymology of it. In the context of the thesis, this source gave information on the phrase ‘fara i Viking’, meaning to go on a raid.

Helmfrid, Staffan, and Henrik Enander. “Religion.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 26 Apr. 2020, Accessed 18 Apr. 2020, www.britannica.com/place/Sweden/Trade.

This source takes a look at a wide variety of Scandinavian cultural factors. In the context of the thesis, this source helps give information on the changes in the religions practiced in Scandinavia over time. For example, this source helped uncover that by the eleventh century Christianity was the most practiced religion in Scandinavia.

Hurst, Michael. “Vikings.” History Channel, 3 Mar. 2013, Accessed 25 Apr. 2020.

This source is the television show “Vikings”. “Vikings” is a series that begins telling the story of

First raids to the west. The series explores much of Viking culture and sheds light on some of their history.

Kinsella, Pat. “Russia, North America, and the Middle East: Where Did the Vikings Visit to Trade and Raid?” HistoryExtra, 2 Dec. 2019, Accessed 18 Apr. 2020, www.historyextra.com/period/viking/vikings-norse-raiders-where-countries-visit-impact-travell-russia-greenland-america-england/.

This source gives insight into where the Vikings traveled for trade. Although the Vikings were known as barbaric raiders and pillagers they also traded. They were very talented shipman so they were able to range far for trade, including Russia, Europe, and the Middle East.

Langer, Johnni. The Origins of the Imaginary Viking. Viking Heritage Magazine, Accessed 16 Oct. 2019

https://www.academia.edu/390901/THE_ORIGINS_OF_THE_IMAGINARY_VIKING_VIKING_HERITAGE_4_2002_GOTLAND_UNIVERSITY_CENTRE_FOR_BALTIC_STUDIES_VISBY.

This writing comes out of Viking magazine and details how some of the false ideas of Vikings and their accompanying traits came to be. For example, the source looks at how the false Hollywood idea of Viking helmets with horns may have come to fruition. Langer looks at the history of how Vikings have been described to see when these false ideas came about.

Levin, Carole, and Jeanie Watson, editors. Ambiguous Realities: Women in the Middle Ages and Renaissance. Wayne State University Press Detroit, 1987, Accessed 4 Dec. 2019, https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=f-iCSCWT9D4C&oi=fnd&pg=PA9&dq=women+in+the+middle+ages+society&ots=yp5_fu-j_S&sig=7rypbUFY2HwyTfizW5814acRJt8#v=onepage&q=women%20in%20the%20middle%20ages%20society&f=false.

Carole Levin writes the role of women in Viking society. She explores the possibility that compared to other parts of the world Scandinavian women had relatively powerful roles. They were able to influence men’s decisions and had some say in matters where other women did not.

Mark, Joshua. “Vikings TV Series - Truths and Fictions.” Ancient History Encyclopedia, Ancient History Encyclopedia, November 2018, Accessed 23 Sep. 2019, https://www.ancient.eu/article/1285/vikings-tv-series---truths-and-fictions/.

In this source, Joshua Mark writes about where the show “Vikings” was accurate and where it was inaccurate in portraying Viking culture. Mark looks at cultural ideals such as religion, raiding, and the structure of society.

McCoy, Daniel. “Death and the Afterlife.” Norse Mythology for Smart People, 2012, Accessed 10 Jan, https://norse-mythology.org/concepts/death-and-the-afterlife/.

This source delves into the mythology of the afterlife that the Vikings held dear. McCoy writes about Valhalla, Ragnarok, and more intricacies of the afterlife. Death was important to the Vikings and they did not fear it. The Vikings, due to their beliefs, welcomed death for it brought them to the great halls of Valhalla.

McCoy, Daniel. “The Vikings as Explorers and Settlers.” Norse Mythology for Smart People, Accessed 2 Feb. 2020, https://norse-mythology.org/vikings-explorers-settlers/.

Another article from Daniel McCoy that analyzes the Vikings, however, this article takes a closer look at raiding and trading. McCoy writes about the Viking settlements and exploration that took place, especially in England.

Moriarty, Colm. “The Oseberg Viking Ship Burial.” Irish Archaeology, 3 Sept. 2012, Accessed 14 Jan., http://irisharchaeology.ie/2012/09/the-oseberg-viking-ship-burial/.

This source discussed the Viking ship burials that were done for the more powerful members of their society. These burials involved sending a ship out with the dead man, riches, and a sacrificial servant. After floating out into the water a flaming arrow would be shot to ignite a fire.

“The Normans - Who Were the Normans?” Edited by Scott M. Rank Ph.D., History on the Net, History, 27 June 2018, Accessed 22 Mar. 2020, www.historyonthenet.com/the-normans-who-were-the-normans.

This source discusses the Normans who invaded England in 1066. Scott Rank gives information on the fact that the Normans, although French by the eleventh century came from Scandinavia. They had raided and pillaged Northern France and then settled there taking the land, over time becoming Normans.

Pfeiffer, Lee. “The Vikings.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 26 June 2019, Accessed 8 Apr. 2020, www.britannica.com/topic/The-Vikings.

This source discusses the first Viking film released, “The Vikings”. Pfeiffer gives a brief overview of the plot. Notably, this source mentions that “The Vikings” was released in 1958 which reveals that Viking films have been shot for seven decades.

Pruitt, Sarah. “What We Know About Vikings and Slaves.” History, History, June 2019, Accessed 23 Sep. 2019, https://www.history.com/news/viking-slavery-raids-evidence.

This writing discusses the relationship between the Vikings and their slaves. Pruitt writes about where they took slaves from and what they would do for their Viking lords. Pruitt also mentions that there was a noticeable amount of women slaves taken, not just men.

Richards, Julian. Blood of the Vikings. Hodder and Stoughton, 2001, Accessed 23. Sep 2019.

In Richard’s writing, he discusses many matters of Viking culture and history. For the purpose of this thesis, he gives insight on the issues of Viking trade and its roots and also the legacy of the Viking people or the end of the Viking age.

Roesdahl, Else. The Vikings. Third ed., Penguin, 1987, Accessed 8 Jan.

In her writing Else Roesdahl gives great insight into the Viking religion. Discussing the gods and goddesses of the pagan religion, to death and the afterlife, and more. Roesdahl helps reveal much of the Viking beliefs.

“Sweden”. Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, inc, 2019, Accessed 23 Sep. 2019, https://www.britannica.com/place/Sweden/The-21st-century.

This source gives a detailed account of Sweden and its history. Discussing Sweden from the 21st century back to the time of the Vikings. The writing gives insight into the land that is Sweden now back when the Vikings were around and there was no such thing as Sweden.

Sawyer, Peter H. The Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings. Oxford University Press, 1997, Accessed 14 Jan.

In this source, Peter Sawyer discusses a variety of Viking cultural aspects. From religion and raiding to the legacy of the Vikings. His writing delves into the raiding lifestyle of the Vikings and how it transitioned into trade and a more peaceful lifestyle.

Short, William. “Viking Ships.” Hurstwic, Accessed 18 Feb. 2020, www.hurstwic.org/history/articles/manufacturing/text/norse_ships.htm.

This writing looks into the ship design of the Viking people. Specifically the technical design of the raiding ship of the Vikings. For example, Short discusses the fact that Viking raiding ships had both sails and also rowing stations for the crew.

“Slaves and thralls in the Viking Age.” Nationalmuseet, Accessed 23 Sep. 2019, https://en.natmus.dk/historical-knowledge/denmark/prehistoric-period-until-1050-ad/the-viking-age/power-and-aristocracy/slaves-and-thralls/.

This source analyses the trade of slaves in the time of the Vikings and what they were used for. The writing also reveals that the Vikings did not only trade slaves among themselves but went further afield to Russia and other lands.

Sturluson, Snorri, and Rasmus B. Anderson. The Younger Edda: Also Called Snorre's Edda, or, The Prose Edda. S.C. Griggs and Co., 1880, Accessed 12 Jan., https://www.gutenberg.org/files/18947/18947-h/18947-h.htm.

This writing comes from the 13th century and directly discusses the culture and history of the Vikings. The book was published in the 19th century and was passed on until that point. This writing discusses the Viking’s religious traditions such as the afterlife.

“Viking ‘Graffiti.’” National Museum of Denmark, National Museum of Denmark, Accessed 15 Jan., https://en.natmus.dk/historical-knowledge/denmark/prehistoric-period-until-1050-ad/the-viking-age/expeditions-and-raids/viking-graffiti/?force=568.

This source looks into what the Vikings left behind. Most cultures that historians study have written accounts and ledgers that reveal much about their society. However, the Vikings did not leave behind such helpful items. Much of Viking’s ‘writings’ were short texts that gave little information on the intricacies of their culture.

Watt, Eliza. Personal interview. 6 February 2020.

This interview opened conversations on many Viking topics. Questions regarding Viking raiding history were asked as well as a few questions on the topic of Vikings in film and television.

Williams, Gareth. “History - Ancient History in Depth: Viking Religion.” BBC, BBC, 17 Feb. 2011, Accessed 9 Jan., www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/vikings/religion_01.shtml.

This source gives information on the Viking religion. It discusses the pagan beliefs of the Viking people, their Gods, and also the conversion from their pagan religion to Christianity. For example, this source discusses the first impressions of Christianity on the Vikings and how over time they began to practice it as well.

Winroth, Anders. The Age of the Vikings. Princeton University Press, 2014, Accessed 22 Mar. 2020.

This text provides information on the Normans. It discusses how William the Conqueror felt about the Scandinavian people. He felt related to them and knew that he was one of their descendants.

Wisher Jr., William, and Warren Lewis. “The 13th Warrior”. Buena Vista Pictures, 1999, Accessed 15 Apr. 2020.

This source is the film “The 13th Warrior”. This film explores the adventure of a Muslim man who joins a troupe of Vikings as one of thirteen warriors sent to save a Viking village to the north. It combines myth and reality to create a heroic tale.

“Women in Medieval Literature and Society.” British Literature Wiki, WordPress, Accessed 26 Jan. 2020, https://sites.udel.edu/britlitwiki/women-in-medieval-literature-and-society/.

This source discusses how women were treated in the medieval ages by looking into literature from the time to see what roles the women fulfilled. This is important because it helps to find the differences in how Viking women may have been treated from other women in the world at that time.

Photos In Order of Appearance

Title Page Image- Page 1

https://www.google.com/search?q=viking+ship+artwork&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwjCptj39b7pAhXEBN8KHXyFDegQ2-cCegQIABAA&oq=viking+ship+art&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQARgBMgIIADICCAAyAggAMgYIABAFEB4yBggAEAUQHjIGCAAQBRAeMgYIABAFEB4yBggAEAUQHjIGCAAQBRAeMgYIABAFEB46AggpOgQIABBDUL2nAVjnuQFgo8MBaABwAHgAgAGMAYgBmwmSAQQxNC4xmAEAoAEBqgELZ3dzLXdpei1pbWc&sclient=img&ei=8EnDXsLuDsSJ_Ab8irbADg&bih=644&biw=1259&safe=strict#imgrc=zp9eWZCr0F_RMM&imgdii=zA4aO11NX8_VtM

Ragnarok- Page 5

https://www.google.com/search?q=viking+ragnarok&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwjc1Oecxr7pAhWIZ98KHYGpAPUQ2-cCegQIABAA&oq=viking+ragnarok&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzICCAAyAggAMgIIADICCAAyAggAMgIIADICCAAyAggAMgYIABAIEB4yBggAEAgQHjoCCCk6BAgAEENQwfcFWKCaBmDHnAZoAHAAeACAAdYBiAHLEJIBBjAuMTAuM5gBAKABAaoBC2d3cy13aXotaW1n&sclient=img&ei=6RfDXpy8C4jP_QaB04KoDw&bih=644&biw=1259&safe=strict#imgrc=jWytt0FnD31vwM

Ship Burial- Page 6

https://www.google.com/search?q=viking+burial+ship+buring&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwjcqIPpxL7pAhVJNt8KHfGDCnwQ2-cCegQIABAA&oq=viking+burial+ship+buring&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzoECAAQHjoGCAAQBRAeOgYIABAIEB46BAgAEBhQlAlYizFgsTJoBXAAeACAAXmIAfMIkgEDNi42mAEAoAEBqgELZ3dzLXdpei1pbWc&sclient=img&ei=cBbDXtywCcns_Abxh6rgBw&bih=644&biw=1259&safe=strict#imgrc=zFs7MyXcUQ6CuM

Lindisfarne Monastery- Page 8

https://www.google.com/search?q=the+lindisfarne+monastery&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwif2djqlL_pAhVdHd8KHVspAdAQ2-cCegQIABAA&oq=the+lindisfarne+monastery&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQA1DVXFj3dGDyeGgAcAB4AIABTYgBxAKSAQE1mAEAoAEBqgELZ3dzLXdpei1pbWc&sclient=img&ei=VmrDXp_WHd26_Abb0oSADQ&bih=644&biw=1259&safe=strict#imgrc=iPb2Gs-0pRcVTM

Graffiti- Page 9

https://en.natmus.dk/historical-knowledge/denmark/prehistoric-period-until-1050-ad/the-viking-age/expeditions-and-raids/viking-graffiti/

Viking Women Farming- Page 11